Biodiesel as a motor fuel price stabilization mechanism.
This application describes a system and method whereby, a consumer can prepay for Petroleum Products at a Fixed Price via an encoded plastic magnetic-type information card or printed receipt, in advance ("Prepaid"), gasoline and other motor vehicle propellant products ("Petroleum Products") at a fixed price for later consumption from one or more merchants. The fixed price is achieved by the Merchant purchasing or allotting a corresponding amount of Petroleum Product commodity to exactly offset the amount (in gallons) of Petroleum Product purchased by the consumer at the retail merchant location ("Fixed Price") and the system entails a centralized computer system. The consumer has thus, pre-paid and locked in a Fixed Price purchase of the Petroleum Product and the Merchant has hedged a corresponding amount of Petroleum Product so that a fluctuation in the market price of the Petroleum Product does not increase the price risk to the Merchant.
As the outlook for oil prices remains uncertain, this paper develops a method to assess which areas of England would be most vulnerable to future motor fuel price increases. Building on previous research, we define and operationalise three dimensions of vulnerability: exposure (the cost burden of motor fuel), sensitivity (income) and adaptive capacity (accessibility with modes alternative to the car). We exploit unique data sets available in England, including the 'MOT' vehicle inspection data and DfT Accessibility Statistics. This allows us to map vulnerability to fuel price increases at a spatially disaggregated level (Lower-layer Super Output Areas), taking into account motor-fuel expenditure for all travel purposes, and the ability of households to shift to other modes of travel. This is an advancement on the 'oil vulnerability' indices developed in previous international research.
Cost savings and energy savings should be considered as one entity, because they are. More often than not, however, the purchase price ranks first in most motor buyers, opinions and the importance of long-term saving is underestimated. This paper shows annewly developed energy saving synchronous motor, that is able to substitute sub-fractional horse-power induction motors.
Understanding the responsiveness of travel demand to fuel price changes has an important policy implication on fuel taxation. In this paper, we employ an asymmetric nonlinear ARDL approach to investigate the short- and long-run impacts of fuel price increases and decreases and fuel price volatility on motor-vehicle travel in Korea. Using monthly data from January 2000 to December 2013, the results show that travel responds differently depending on the direction of fuel price changes. In examining the sensitivities of travel demand, the traffic volume is significantly responsive to fuel price changes when prices fall, while it is insensitive to fuel price changes when prices rise in the long-run. The fuel price volatility has a negative long-run impact on travel demand, indicating that a rise in fuel price uncertainty can induce drivers to reduce transport fuel consumption and motor-vehicle travel. The GDP and the road length are also found to be vital factors determining travel demand.
Numerous efforts have been devoted to discovering the impact of oil price spikes on the domestic economy since the 1970s. These studies generally concluded that oil price changes pass-through to domestic prices. However, it is a common practice to mitigate the pass-through to domestic prices and subsidize domestic fuel prices. The Turkish government enacted a motor fuel price subsidy system in May 2018, aiming to eliminate the potential adverse effects of oil price hikes. In this context, the current study analyzes the pass-through motor fuel price changes on domestic price indexes in the Turkish economy. The study employs the monthly data between 2015 and 2019 and uses Factor Augmented Vector Autoregression methodology. The study finds that the response of consumer price sub-indexes is heterogeneous and, the pass-through to producer prices is higher than consumer prices. Also, the study concludes that the subsidy program is a practical tool to eliminate the inflationary impacts of oil price changes.
In high-motorisation, car-dependent countries, transport affordability is intimately linked to the price of oil derived motor fuels, which may become increasingly volatile in the future due to global oil price movements and environmental taxation. The negative impacts of fuel price spikes in terms of increased household expenditure and economic stress are unevenly spatially and socially distributed. Previous research has found that vulnerability to fuel price increases is higher in peripheral, pen-urban and rural areas, and that low income tends to be co-located with high car dependence and low vehicle fuel efficiency, with a compounding effect on vulnerability. The goal of this article is to test these hypotheses for England, providing new evidence on spatial patterns of vulnerability to fuel price increases at the small-area level. We propose a composite vulnerability indicator combining data on income, accessibility, vehicle inspection and vehicle registration for 2011. Within English city-regions, we find little evidence of the socially regressive patterns previously identified in the literature.
Applying the centrifugal power balance principle includes the calculating formula for separable oil pearl diameter,and get out the method of separable oil fog ability price of centrifugal ventilator.Througth the multiple optimal design of core component rotor reach the affect of centrifugal ventilator separation ability from thedifferent structure parametrics,and offer a better method to optimize centrifugal ventilator design.
The objectives of this study are: to determine the gasoline purchasing and consumption patterns of minority and disadvantaged population groups; and to analyze the socio-economic effects of increasing gasoline prices and shortages on minority and disadvantagd population groups. In order to accomplish these major objectives, the following additional objectives had to be accomplished: develop a social and economic profile of each of the subject population groups; and locate and analyze published materials concerning gasoline consumption by minority and disadvantaged groups. The report consists of two parts. Part one contains chapters on the following: introduction to the study of motor vehicle fuel consumption by minority and disadvantaged populations; summary overview of the literature related to the research problems; methodology for the study; findings of the study; and conclusions and recommendations. Part two contains appendices of community case studies and a review of the relevant literature.
Any increment in the prices of goods or services generally leads to an increase in different products prices indices and inflation. This paper examines the cost-push impact of a motor spirit price increment in Iran on different products prices indices and inflation. An Input-Output (I-O) table adjustment approach is applied. Iran input- output table for the year 2001-2002 is used as database. The empirical results of the model show how the cost-push impact of a 25% increment in the motor spirit price leads to an increment in different products prices indices, but the maximum effect of this increment, which is on transportation services prices, does not exceed 0.7492%. Biodiesel as a motor fuel price stabilization mechanism.In addition, the cost-push effect of this increase on the Production Prices Index (PPI) is estimated at 0.2540%.
We introduced a model representing the evolution of motor fuel price (a subcategory of the consumer price index of transportation) relative to the overall CPI as a linear function of time. Under our framework, all price deviations from the linear trend are transient and the price must promptly return to the trend. Specifically, the model predicted that "the price for motor fuel in the US will also grow by 50% by the end of 2009. Oil price is expected to rise by ~50% as well, from its current value of ~$50 per barrel." The behavior of actualprice has shown that this prediction is accurate in both amplitude and trajectory shape. Hence, one can conclude that the concept of price decomposition into a short-term (oscillating) and long-term (linear trend) components is valid. According to the model, the price of motor fuel and crude oil will be falling to the level of $30 per barrel during the next 5 to 8 years.
When the economic literature refers to characteristics of the motor fuel market in the EU, one has to be cautious in comparing indicators across time and space because of the ongoing enlargement of the Union. This dissertation contributes to a limited empirical literature on motor fuel fiscal competition and discussions on fuel tourism and fiscal policy coordination in Europe. The first essay provides an overview of the EU market from 1994 to 2010 for four major motor fuels and its evolution at every stage of EU expansion. It examines changes in the characteristics and taxation rates of the EU representative member-country and shows that the EU countries decreased their motor fuel excise taxes, but increased VAT taxes.;There has been an ongoing dialogue in the EU about tax harmonization because fuel taxes impact prices of other goods as well as economic and environmental policies across Europe.
This chapter analyses the environmental impact of vehicle use in South and South East Asia and the range of policy responses available to reduce this impact. The countries of South and South East Asia are very disparate in terms of economic development. Over the last three decades these countries have experienced growing urbanisation and affluence, although this growth has been unevenly distributed, both spatially and over time. While levels of car ownership remain generally low compared to Western Europe or North America, high rates of growth of traffic in cities have led to congestion on roads and environmental damage from atmospheric pollution, noise and land use impacts.
Recently I returned from a vacation cruising the Baltic Sea, where I had a great time as well as the chance to see where my ancestors originated. One of our side trips was a bus ride to Berlin to tour the German capital. Along the way our bus made a "comfort stop" at a Shell station and convenience store. In German this was probably a "klein-er Laden" or "Minimarkt." Naturally I started prowling around the C-store looking at motor oil containers; once an oil mar- keter always an oil marketer. A wide variety of Shell motor oils was on display (no other brands) but what really caught my eye were the prices for these oils. One liter of Helix Ultra SAE 5W-30 cost €25.99 - that's around $31 a quart. Now I know that Germany's synthetics are typically made with polyal-phaolefin base stocks, at roughly twice the cost of mineral oil base stocks. But Helix Ultra is made with Shell's own PurePlus base oil synthesized from natural gas - a huge cost advantage, sources say.
The utility model discloses a microelectronic motor protector with high performance-cost ratio, the three-phase current transformers are respectively parallelly connected with resistances to change current signals into voltage signals, the output end of the amplifying circuit is connected with the input end of the V/F converter, the V/F converter changes voltage signals into digital pulse signals, the mcu system without A/D respectively judge the counting values of three-phase current signals and power voltage sampling signals to determine whether the system has fault. Biodiesel as a motor fuel price stabilization mechanism.Compared with the present technology, the utility model is an a reliable device with the main protection function of motor overload, break phase, stall, three-phase imbalance, over-voltage and under-voltage.
Motor neurons are probably the best characterised neuronal class in the vertebrate central nervous system and have become a paradigm for understanding the mechanisms that control the development of vertebrate neurons. For many investigators working on this problem the chick embryo is the model system of choice and from these studies a picture of the steps involved in motor neuron generation has begun to emerge. These findings suggest that motor neuron generation is shaped by extracellular signals that regulate intrinsic, cell-autonomous determinants at sequential steps during development. The chick embryo has played a prominent role in identifying the sources of these signals, defining their molecular identities and determining the cell intrinsic programs they regulate.
To examine the mechanism(s) of disease underlying ALS, transgenic mouse models have been constructed that express aberrant neurofilaments or mutations in the abundant, cytoplasmic enzyme superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1). In addition to progressive weakness arising from selective motor neuron death, mice expressing a modest level of a point mutant in neurofilament subunit NF-L show most of the pathologic hallmarks observed in familial and sporadic ALS, including perikaryal proximal axonal swellings, axonal degeneration, and severe skeletal muscle atrophy. Additional mice expressing familial ALS-linked mutations in the cytoplasmic enzyme SOD1, the only proven cause of ALS and which accounts for approximately 20% of familial disease, have demonstrated that at least one mutation causes disease through acquisition of an adverse property by the mutant enzyme, rather than elevation or loss of SOD1 activity.
Several perisylvian brain regions show preferential activation for spoken language above and beyond other complex sounds. These "speech-selective" effects might be driven by regions' intrinsic biases for processing the acoustical or informational properties of speech. Alternatively, such speech selectivity might emerge through extensive experience in perceiving and producing speech sounds. This functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study disambiguated such audiomotor expertise from speech selectivity by comparing activation for listening to speech and music in female professional violinists and actors. Biodiesel as a motor fuel price stabilization mechanism.Audiomotor expertise effects were identified in several right and left superior temporal regions that responded to speech in all participants and music in violinists more than actresses. Regions associated with the acoustic/information content of speech were identified along the entire length of the superior temporal sulci bilaterally where activation was greater for speech than music in all participants.
A description is given of the design, fabrication and analysis of an electrostatically-driven micro-actuator in which a planetary-motion rotor rolls inside a cylindrically shaped stator cavity. The design has four primary advantages: the motor geometry and the rolling motion enable very small gaps to be achieved, which are accurate and stable, and across which electrostatic forces act, leading to high forces on the rotor; relative motion is achieved by rolling rather than sliding, thus obviating the concern over internal friction; higher output torques can be traded for lower rotor speeds, due to immediate planetary reduction; and the power output should be higher than for systems constructed using two-dimensional silicon fabrication approaches, since woble motor lengths are not limited by such fabrication methods. The stator segment recruitment logic can range from simple, open-loop stepping to full servo-controlled commutation using rotor position sensors.
Spinal motor neurons are critical to the ability of animals to move and thus essential to survival. Motor neurons that project axons to distinct limb-muscle targets are topographically organized such that central nervous system position reflects the location of the muscle in the limb. The central positioning of limb-projecting motor neurons arises during development through motor neuron migration followed by a period of coalescence into discrete groupings of motor neurons which project axons to an individual muscle. These so-called motor pools are a common feature of motor organization in higher vertebrates. Recent work has highlighted the critical role for armadillo family member catenin-dependent functions of the cadherin family of cell adhesion molecules in directing the organization of motor neurons. Cadherin function appears to be important for both the motor neuron migration and coalescence phases of the emergence of motor neuron topography. Here, I review this recent work in the context of our understanding of the general development of spinal motor neurons.
